books

Craft Question: Backstory and Flashbacks in Novels

Thursday, December 1st, 2011

I’m reading Jeffrey Eugenides’s Middlesex. If you know it, you can guess why I am thinking about backstory and flashbacks. If you have not, it is a novel about a Greek hermaphrodite coming of age in industrial Detroit. Its plotting is an eccentric web of history and characters, and evokes shades of John Irving.

Most of all, the first half of its 500-plus pages is family history, and I want to know how this hippopotamus of a tome manages to dance so lightly, so entertainingly, across fifty years of history and two continents with barely a nod to its hermaphroditic narrator.

The first-person narrator adds cohesiveness, yes. The lustful lead-up to an intermarriage between brother and sister is relevant, too, yes. Yet the tantalizing hints of the original hook—the mini-scenes in present-day Berlin, the narrator’s scant mention of his memories—are enough to lure us ahead but not leave us frustrated.

The struggle to insert backstory (and especially flashbacks) is an immense part of a writer’s task. It means you have to interrupt the escalation of tension in a story, and shift back to something that already happened; you have to stop the story clock. You have to reassure the reader that history is more important, for a moment, than the story at hand; you have to convince her that the story at hand will be somehow incomplete and unsatisfying on its own, and urgently needs the voice of history to fill its empty spaces.

And usually, the attempt fails.

Are you a writer? Do you have a talent for moving your narrator through time? What do you pay attention to when plotting these scenes, and how do you know that the shift works?

Caffeinated spiders weave tangled webs. Maybe backstory would be a non-issue if I quit coffee.

 

An open question about speculative fiction.

Wednesday, November 16th, 2011

Click for a link to a high-res version of Ward Shelley's brilliant "The History of Science Fiction." I love this image so much that I hung it over my desk.

In an earlier post, I ventured a functional definition of speculative fiction. I said that a manuscript is “speculative” (i.e., fantasy, sci-fi, or anything in between) if it requires the writer to invent a rule or condition for their world that acts as a metaphor for the novel’s theme. In other words: If you make something up, that something has to offer the reader a clue to what the book is about. Otherwise it’s gratuitous.

Yet as I plan my next novel, I am reminded of Occam’s Razor, which says that the simplest explanation for anything is usually the truest one. The problem with my earlier definition is that it doesn’t always work; there are lots of books about dragons, fairies, and/or outer space that use speculative elements just for the fun of it. Some readers like to read about dragons, for instance, so a market exists for writers who enjoy telling dragon stories. Simple as that. There is no rule that says all dragon stories must be important social commentary.

So let me try a simpler definition. Where all fiction involves five basic elements–premise, theme, voice, character, plot, and style–speculative fiction also involves a sort of sidecar to premise: the concept.

So, if premise is what the story is about in a few simple sentences, the concept is the invented-but-believable element that separates the story world from reality. The concept could be anything: vampires and why they exist (Interview with a Vampire), a medieval world inhabited by dragons (The Dragonbone Chair), a future America in which fertile women are required to reproduce (The Handmaid’s Tale), or an alter-reality in which Irish immigrant spirits are at war with Native American spirits (Forests of the Heart). If your novel uses a concept, then it has a speculative element. Simple as that.

So, here’s my question. What is the difference between realist fiction and speculative fiction?

And a bonus question: Where is the line that separates books shelved in a store’s “general fiction” section and its “sci-fi and fantasy” section?

A Heretical Complaint: Reading a Loveless Gabriel Garcia Marquez Novel

Friday, October 7th, 2011

Love in the Time of CholeraLove in the Time of Cholera by Gabriel García Márquez

My rating: 3 of 5 stars

I spent two weeks of my reading life. That’s how long it took to get through Love in the Time of Cholera. I read first with a kind of tingly enthusiasm, reunited with the work of one of my favorite authors. Then with a growing sense of duty. Then with fear that the novel’s sprawling backstory was really going to account for all six hundred and twenty-two (give or take) of Florentino Ariza’s lovers as he grew to old age, waiting for Fermina Daza to become a widow.

Perhaps it is unfair of me to expect brilliance from all of Gabriel Garcia Marquez’s novels, but 270 pages in to this one, I finally succumbed to the temptation to scan. I slowed for the final fifteen pages, which reinforced my view of Florentino Ariza as a tepid protagonist. He made me think of leeches, parasites, little rodents living in the wall.

For a novel ostensibly about love, the only reciprocal love I believe is that of Jeremiah de Saint-Amour and his Haitian lover. All else feels stained by conditions, regret, empty lust, and equally empty longing. These are the faces of other loves, yes, but they lose even this credibility by Gabriel Garcia Marquez’s final failure to make us feel that the love that settles between Florentino and Fermina is truly “the heart of love.” This comes after 350 pages of uninterrupted narration and our loss of respect for Florentino–given his pedophilic dalliance and his hand in the deaths of both his child-lover and the river over which he had responsibility. Maybe it’s fitting is that the book’s final image is of a plague boat doomed to sail up and down a dead river, carrying its dying lovers between pestilential cities.

One Hundred Years of Solitude left me longing to become a better writer, and Memories of My Melancholy Whores impressed me with its uncharacteristic brevity and tricky, magical ordinariness. Although Gabriel Garcia Marquez’s wisdom and insight make so much of Love in the Time of Cholera awe-inspiring to a fellow writer, after I set it down with a final thump on my coffee table, I couldn’t help thinking of Twitter’s irreverent #lessambitiousbooks game: Old Pervert’s Crush in the Time of Cholera.

Or maybe you can think of a better re-title?

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Fiction or nonfiction?

Thursday, September 29th, 2011

A conversation on Goodreads sparked a question this morning. A reader mentioned that polls show a decline in for-pleasure reading after school, which reminded me of another poll I’d seen: Of the people who still pick up books in their spare time, fewer and fewer showed any interest in novels.

Salem bookshop, fall 2010

I wonder about reading fiction for pleasure versus reading nonfiction for, well, maybe not pleasure but at least personal edification. My best friend’s father, a staunchly practical pathologist in Saudi, once told me–staunchly of course–”I don’t read fiction. I don’t like to be lied to.” I’ve heard this opinion variously watered down over the years, always with either a note of apology or self-satisfaction. I have to admit, I understood my friend’s father’s reaction better than the apologetic or self-satisfied ones.

On one hand, at least they’re reading. Great! But on the other, is fiction considered frivolous? A confection for one’s extra-extra spare time? There is such a desire to be “smart” in our culture, with a paradoxical disdain of anything that tries to be intellectual; so are readers impelled to pick up nonfiction in their private hours to earn a share of voice in the next conversation? Our culture values speaking over listening, and nonfiction is more apt to give us something to say.

I read fiction and nonfiction both. I need them to keep both my heart and my mind open. Choosing a favorite would be like having to choose between dark chocolate and red wine.

What do you think?

Confessions of a bibliophile

Friday, September 23rd, 2011

http://www.urbanspoon.com/u/profile/31640/ERiC-AiXeLsyD.htmlThe winter of 2000 was my junior year in college. It was a nocturnal, cloistered, literary year, and I lived in a triangle between Carnegie Mellon’s English building, the 61C coffee shop on Murray Avenue, and Three Penny Books, a used bookstore next door to the cafe. Its owner was an insomniac who kept the store open well past last-call, and he drew most of his business from a late-night crowd of students and the neighborhood’s sleepless old men. On my way home from studying, if the bus schedule allowed, I’d peruse the sidewalk cart in the glow of the front window’s Christmas lights, or go inside and examine the serpentine trail of novels that rounded the baseboards.

Two years later, after a series of semi-connected events that included 9/11, graduation, a cross-country move to Oregon, and quitting a dead-end job, I started my book editing business. In honor of Three Penny Books, I called it The Threepenny Editor. And at Christmastime, I went back to Pittsburgh for a visit and had my first real conversation with the owner; I gave him my card and told him how much his store meant to me. In one of life’s sad synchronicities, he told me that he was closing the store in a few weeks; like so many booksellers, he was pulling up stakes and moving his shop online.

We became friends. We started a thing that didn’t go well. But when he dispatched the last of his inventory, he made a generous gift that ranked among one of the best I’ve received in my life: the Encyclopedia Britannica 11, a noiseless Remington portable typewriter, a 1936 Royal typewriter, and a bookshelf of Orientalist relics ranging from Charles Doughty’s Travels in Arabia Deserta to Albert Hourani’s A History of the Arab Peoples to N.M. Penzer’s The Harem.

Fast forward again, to five homes and four states later. These artifacts of Three Penny Books sit about six feet from my desk. They look nice but I usually don’t think about them. I have a business to run; and until my wife finishes medical school, I do all the cooking and housekeeping. Although people remember Sisyphus for struggling eternally with his boulder, he should have been glad not to have the task of cooking for two marathoners. I find that the mundane has a way of fogging up days at a time, and I wonder what my twenty-year-old self would think about living in San Antonio and being known among friends mainly for the quality of her stuffed mushrooms.

Literary ecumenicalism is stamped all over my memory of that bookstore, twisted into its front-window Christmas lights, inseparable from memories of college and coffee and walking home with a messenger bag full of books at midnight in a rainy Pittsburgh winter.

And I realized this made me sad. So yesterday, I turned off the computer. I watered the garden. And then, purely for the hell of it, I pulled N.M. Penzer’s The Harem off the shelf. I discovered that the illustrations among its broad, yellowed pages fold out into maps of the sultan’s palace, and that all male heirs to the throne were educated and imprisoned in a royal school called The Cage. But mostly, the book evoked Pittsburgh winters and being twenty and so absolutely excited about a brilliant, unknown future that I could afford to take my optimism about it for granted.

You know what I love about books? As easily as a map unfolds from the leaves of a forgotten volume, the right one at the right time can relocate one’s sense of curiosity and optimism. The uncharted world of a new manuscript is one of the few pristine frontiers left to explore. So today, on this first day of fall, I’m putting aside the spiritual catatonia that always descends between novels, and resolving to outline my next project by the end of October.

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